The Stokes equations and elliptic systems with non standard bound-ary conditions

Basic properties of the functional framework

Let be a bounded connected open set of R3 and 􀀀 its boundary. In this chapter, is supposed of class C 0;1 except in some cases where we will precise that the boundary can be more regular. Then a unit exterior normal vector to the boundary can be dened almost everywhere on @; it is denoted by n. The generic point in (or R3) is denoted by x = (x1; x2; x3). We denote by 􀀀i, 0 i I, the connected components of 􀀀, 􀀀0 being the boundary of the only unbounded connected component of R3n. Wex a smooth open set O with a connected boundary, such that is contained in O, and we denote by i, 1 i I, the connected components of On with boundary 􀀀i (􀀀0 [ @O for i = 0). We do not assume that is simply-connected, but we suppose that there exists J connected, oriented and open surfacesj , 1 j J, called ‘cuts’, contained in , such that each surfacej is an open subset of a smooth manifold Mj , the boundary ofj is contained in 􀀀 for 1 j J, the intersectioni \j is empty for i 6= j, and the open set = n SJ j=1j is simply-connected and pseudo-Lipschitz (see [3]). For J = 1 with I = 3, see for example Figure 1.1. We need Sobolev spaces W s;p(􀀀i) on the connected component 􀀀i, for 0 i I, 1 < p < 1 and for some real numbers s. We can also dene Sobolev spaces on the cuts W s;p(j) as restrictions toj of the distributions belonging to W s;p(Mj). We will denote by W s;p(j)0 the dual space of W s;p(j). Finally, []j denote the jump of a function overj , for 1 j J and h;iX;X0 denotes the duality pairing between a space X and X0. Using the derivation in the distribution sense, we can dene the operators curl and div on Lp() for 1 p 1. Indeed, let h; i denote the duality pairing between D() and its dual space D0(). For any function v = (v1; v2; v3) in Lp(), we have 8′ = (‘1; ‘2; ‘3) 2 D(), hcurl v;’i = Z v curl’dx = Z v1(@’3 @x2 􀀀 @’2 @x3 ) + v2(@’1 @x3 􀀀 @’3 @x1 ) + v3(@’2 @x1 􀀀 @’1 @x2 ) dx; 8’ 2 D(); hdiv v; ‘i = 􀀀 Z v grad ‘ dx = 􀀀 Z v1 @’ @x1 + v2 @’ @x2 + v3 @’ @x3 dx: We note that the vector-valued Laplace operator of a vectoreld v = (v1; v2; v3) is equivalently dened byv = grad (div v) 􀀀 curl curl v (1.1) or byv = (v1;v2;v3): For any function q in W 1;p(), grad q can be extended to Lp(). We denote this extension by ]grad q. In the sequel, the letter C denotes a constant that is not necessarily the same at its various occurrences and p denotes unless it is explicitely mentioned, a real number such that 1 < p < 1. This leads to the following denitions.

Denition

For 1 p < 1, the space Hp(curl; ) is dened by Hp(curl; ) = fv 2 Lp(); curl v 2 Lp()g ; (1.2) and is provided with the norm: kvkHp(curl;) = kvkp Lp() + kcurl vkp Lp()1 p : The space Hp(div; ) is dened by Hp(div; ) = fv 2 Lp(); div v 2 Lp()g ; (1.3) and is provided with the norm kvkHp(div;) = kvkp Lp() + kdiv vkp Lp()1 p : Finally, we set Xp() = Hp(curl; ) \ Hp(div; ): (1.4) It is provided with the norm Xp() = kvkp Lp() + kdiv vkp Lp() + kcurl vkp Lp()1 p : These denitions will also be used with replaced by R3. Let usrstly give an adaptation of a basic result which can be found in [39] and [52]. Proposition 1.0.2. The space D() of the restrictions to of functions of D(R3) is dense both in Hp(div; ) and in Hp(curl; ), for 1 p < 1. Proof. We give the proof of the density in H p(curl; ) and the proof for the space H p(div; ) is very similar. Let u be some element of H p(curl; ). We have to prove that u is a limit in H p(curl; ) of vector functions of D(). 1. Assume for the moment that is strictly star-shaped with respect to one of its points, after translation in R3, we can suppose this point is 0. This amounts to say that ; 80 < 1 and; 8 > 1: Here, we take > 1 and we set =. For a function ‘ dened on , we set: 8x 2; ‘(x) = ‘(x ):

Which we extend to distribution, T 2 D0() 􀀀! T 2 D0() by: hT; ‘i =3hT; ‘1 i; ‘ 2 D() The distribution T belongs then to D0(). It is easy to check that: 8T 2 D0(); curl (T) = 1 (curl T); : Due to ([52], Chapter 1, Lemma 1.1), the restriction to of the function u, > 1, converge to u in H p(curl; ) as 7! 1. Let ‘ 2 D() and ‘ = 1 on . the function ‘u extended by 0 outside clearly belongs to H p(curl; R3) and has compact support. The result is then proved by regularization. Let 2 D(R3), be a smooth C1 function with compact support, such that 0, R R3(x) dx = 1. For  » 2 (0; 1), let » denote the function x 7􀀀! ( 1 « 3 )( x  » ). As  » ! 0, » converges in the distribution sence to the Dirac distribution and it is a classical result that for any in H p(curl; R3) » 􀀀! inH p(curl; R3); : (1.6) As a consequence, » f’u belongs to D(R3) since this function has a compact support (supp( » f’u) (supp ») + (suppf’u)) and components which are C1. Moreover, lim « !0″ f’u = f’u in H p(curl; R3): We note: ! = the restriction of the functions f’u to : Hence u is the limit in H p(curl; ) of the functions »! as 7! 1. the result follows since » ! belongs to D(). 2. In the general case, we use the following property (cf. for exemple Bernardi [14]). A bounded, Lipschitz-continuous open set is the union of anite number of star-shaped, Lipschitz-continuous open sets. Clearly, it suces to apply the above argument to each of these sets to derive the desired result on the entire domain. Indeed the sets , (j)j2J form an open covering of . Let us consider a partition of unity subordinated to the coveringj \ : 1 = ‘ + X j2J ‘j ; where ‘ 2 D(); ‘j 2 D(j \ ): We may write u = ‘u + X j2J ‘ju:

Since the function ‘u has compact support in it can be shown as in (a) that ‘u is the limit in H p(curl; ) of functions belonging to D() (function ‘u extended by 0 outside belongs to H p(curl; R3) and for  » suciently small, » ‘u has compact support in ). Let us consider now one of the function uj = ‘ju. Let, 6= 0, be the linear transformation x !x. The set0j =j \ is star-shaped with respect to one of its points y, by taking y as origin, it is clear that :0j0j0j for > 1;0j0j0j for 0 < < 1 Let denote the function x 7!((x)) then, the restriction to0j of the function uj, > 1, converges to uj in H p(curl;0j ) as ! 1 (cf. [52], Lemma1:1 p 7). But if j 2 D((0j )) and j = 1 on0j , the function j( uj) clearly belongs to H p(curl; R3) (the function j( uj) extended by 0 outside0j). Take wj = j( uj). Since this function belongs to H p(curl; R3) and has a compact support, by regularization, the function wj belongs to D(R3). Moreover, . lim « !0″ wj = wj in H p(curl; R3): Since the restriction to0j of the function » wj converges to the restriction of the functionuj to0j , it can be shown that uj is is the limit in H p(curl;0j ) of functions belongings to D(0 j), as ! 1. . Remark 1.0.3. Note that the previou proof for the space Hp(curl; ) is general and does not use the particular structure of the dierential system curl, and we can use the same proof for the space Hp(div; ). We can easily derive by the same arguments that The space D() is also dense in Xp(). As proven in Reference [39], chapter I, section 2 for the Hilbertian case, these properties of density allow for dening tangential or normal traces for the functions of these spaces. More precisely, any function v in H p(curl; ) has a tangential trace v n in W 􀀀1 p ;p(􀀀), dened by 8′ 2W 1;p(); hv n;’i􀀀 = Z v curl’dx 􀀀 Z curl v ‘dx; (1.7) where the symbol h;i􀀀 denotes the duality pairing between W 􀀀1 p ;p(􀀀) and W 1􀀀 1 p0 ;p0(􀀀): Any function v in H p(div; ) has a normal trace v n in W 􀀀1 p ;p(􀀀), dened by 8’ 2 W 1;p(); hv n; ‘i􀀀 = Z v grad ‘ dx + Z (div v)’ dx:

Table des matières

Introduction
I Lp-Inequalities for Vector Fields and Vector Potentials
1 Basic properties of the functional framework
2 Regularity and compactness results
2.1 Introduction and preliminaries
2.2 Sobolev’s inequalities and regularity results
2.3 Compactness properties
3 Vector potentials
3.1 Vector potential without boundary conditions
3.2 Vector potential tangential
3.3 Vector potential normal and _rst elliptic problem
3.4 Other vector potentials
3.5 Scalar potential
3.6 Weak vector potential
3.7 The Stokes problem in vector potential formulation
II The Stokes equations and elliptic systems with non standard bound-ary conditions
4 The Stokes equations with the tangential boundary conditions
4.1 Introduction and preliminaries
4.2 Weak solutions
4.3 Strong solutions and regularity for the Stokes system (ST )
4.4 Very weak solutions for the Stokes system (ST )
5 The Stokes equations with the normal boundary conditions
5.1 Introduction and preliminaries
5.2 Weak solutions
5.3 Strong solutions and regularity for the Stokes system (SN)
5.4 Very weak solutions for the Stokes system (SN)
5.5 A variant of the system (SN)
5.6 Helmholtz decompositions
6 Elliptic systems with non standard boundary conditions
6.1 Study of the problem (PT )
6.2 Study of the problem (PN)
III Oseen and Navier-Stokes problem with non standard boundary con-ditions
7 Oseen problem with normal boundary conditions
7.1 Introdution
7.2 Study of the problem (7.1)
7.3 Generalized and strong solutions
8 Navier-Stokes problem with normal boundary conditions
IV Numerical approximation of the Stokes problem with non-standard boundary conditions
9 A Nitsche type Method
9.1 De_nition of the method
9.2 Preliminary notations and results
9.3 Formulation of the Nitsche’s method
9.4 Stability
9.5 Numerical results
9.5.1 Mesh convergence
9.5.2 Test: Flow around cylinder con_ned between two plates
10 A Discontinuous Galerkin method
10.1 Preliminary notations and results
10.2 The discrete formulation and the well-possedness of the discrete problem
10.3 A priori error estimates
10.4 Mesh convergence

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